Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world, and most of the inhabitants are occupied with subsistence agriculture in the more fertile south and stockbreeding in the north. Climate is one of the most important factors in the country's economy, but much of the non-desert portion of the country is threatened by periodic drought and desertification. Over a quarter of the population experience habitat damage and water shortage.

Starting from the 1970s, uranium export has contributed to economic development, and the future commercial exploitation of oil, gold, and coal reserves is expected to further boost the economy. However, economic status is currently worsening due to debt accumulation, drop of uranium price, and political unrest. The economic and financial sectors are fragile and inhibit the development of income-generating activities.

The Nigerien government seeks foreign investment to finance the country's new economic development strategy. International Monetary Fund (IMF) encourages state-owned industry to be privatized, especially the water supply service and communication enterprise. Niger focuses on establishing infrastructure in health care system and elementary education, with a hope of overcoming poverty. Foreign aid by France, European Union, World Bank and UN (UNDP, UNICEF, FAO, WFP and UNFPA) is practically the most pivotal part of the economy.